M. Z., an hysterical person who was fond of adventure and of a free life, was hypnotized in a university town by some students for fun, and discovered that she was an " excellent medium." She then went to Paris, and first fell into the hands of the spiritualists there, and subsequently into the hands of the doctors of the Charcot school in the Parisian hospitals. The spiritualists and telepaths discovered that she was a clairvoyant who could foretell the future, and who could presumably divulge what persons were doing at a great distance. She was only used as an object for demonstration in accordance with the pattern of Charcot's hysterics in the hospitals, and was declared to be incurable. In the meantime she was used as a telepathic wonder by impressarios, and earned large sums of money on the stage, which she spent as fast as she got it.

As a result of this systematic abuse of her hysterical somnambulism, the latter continued to develop spontaneously. She was subject to, first, spontaneous somnambulic-hysterical attacks, chiefly during the night, which at times lasted for two or three days, and when she awakened she did not have any idea of what she had been doing while in this condition (1). She jumped out of bed, climbed on the window-sills, roofs, and railings like a monkey, but never lost her balance. Secondly, she was subject to spontaneous hysterical (hystero-epileptic) attacks besides (2). In these she suddenly fell down unconscious, tore her hair and clothes, scratched herself, and then got up, climbed, and so on.

Once she lost her senses suddenly during a conversation in the street, and awakening three days later, took up the thread of her thoughts at the same place where they had been broken off without knowing what she had done during the three days. I shall return to this "three days' wandering" later. The doctors were never able to influence her hysterical attacks (2). Let me call her usual waking condition M. Z., and her somnambulic condition F. L.

As a result of the continued abuse of her brain on the part of the spiritualists and of the hospital doctors who hanker after the supernatural (I will not express my opinion about this behavior), M. Z. got increasingly nervous, moody, irritable, and on account of her hysterical crises (1 and 2) became less and less capable of earning a living. She returned to her home, and was handed over to me for treatment.

She was a slender little thing, about thirty years of age, with a penetrating look, which became fixed easily, was extremely moody and obstinate, possessed the character of a gypsy, being driven by the impulses of the moment, but was very intelligent withal. She had undertaken all sorts of things, but had not done anything thoroughly, and had acquired a peculiar form of half-education. She liked her free Parisian life beyond all things, was very skillful at certain kinds of work, but was not persevering, and could be either very simple or very exacting, according to circumstances. It was difficult to persuade her to submit to suggestive treatment, as she was of opinion that it would be of no avail. I had first to explain to her that this was quite different from the hypnosis of the Sal-petriere in Paris.

I succeeded in putting her into a condition of somnambulism at once and commenced a conversation with her, suggesting especially that the somnambulism and the hysterical attacks were cured. However, it soon became clear that a second personality (I call this F. L.) had developed during the somnambulic condition. F. L. spoke of herself in the third person, and knew a number of things of which it. Z. was unaware. F. L. was an artist, loved the moon passionately and felt herself drawn toward her at night-time in consequence. F. L. was obviously sexually perverted, and had desires for her own sex, while M. Z. was relatively normal sexually only showing slight perverse inclinations (she was fond of biting her lover until she drew blood). I succeeded in finding out by means of a few repeated questions at all events, in part, what she had done in Paris during the three days which had disappeared out of M. Z.'s memory. She answered me, however, hesitatingly and with difficulty. Like Mr. N. (see Dr. Naef's case), she was only able to re-associate single situations of her somnambulic condition with difficulty. In this the nature of dreamlike dissociation in thinking was illustrated afresh. She had slept with " Anna T." in one bed, and had carried out lesbian intercourse with her; she had been in the Quartier Latin in doubtful society, then she had called in at the flower-painter Durand's in C. Street, and had painted some flowers there, etc. She only admitted the lesbian intercourse hesitatingly, but with ecstatic looks and with euphoristic enthusiasm.

When I declared very definitely to her then that M. Z. and F. L. were one and the same person, and that all that F. L. did was stupid morbid nonsense, and when I told her that she must sleep quietly at night-time, and that I forbade F. L. to wander about, she became very excited, offered opposition, spoke of her beloved moon, and so on. I then attempted to suggest to F.L. (the somnambulist) that she, as H. Z., would remember everything on awakening that she had admitted - that is to say told me in her character as F. L. However, I had to desist within a short time, for the patient only became very excited by this, got a headache, and nearly got an hysterical attack, and I would soon have lost all my influence over her. M. Z. was obviously ashamed and emotionally affected by the dawning remembrances, especially those of the homo-sexual nature-Later on I tried to relate the matter to M. Z. during the waking condition. At first she became so excited about it that I had to leave the sexual theme at all events untouched. She had never been able to paint - that was all stupid nonsense, etc. After 3he had improved considerably she told mo spontaneously one day that something was becoming clear to her. She was in possession of a photograph of herself which had always been a puzzle to her. She was wearing a blouse in the picture, and was standing in front of an easel with a paint-brush and palette in her hand. She was not aware of ever having been photographed in such a costume, and she had never painted; further, she had no idea how she had got hold of this picture, but she had been forced to recognize herself in the picture, which she had found in her pocket one day. The matter must have had some connection with what I bad told her about F. L. On the following day she really did bring me her photograph as a painter; it was just as she had described. Her look was markedly fixed in the picture.

The patient got a somnambulic attack that night, having been rather excited by my attempts. She came to me in the morning very disturbed in her mind, and told me that she must have gone out of her room in her chemise during the night, for on awakening in the morning she found herself on the floor with dirty feet, her door open, and everything in disorder, and she was very tired. She related during the hypnosis (as F. L.) all of that which M. Z. had forgotten. The moon had shown brightly. This was a fact. The moon had attracted her; she had vaulted the banister in her chemise, and had gone into the fields to look at the beloved moon.

It now became quite clear to me that experimenting was only doing the patient harm, however interesting it might be. I should have liked to have tested her supposed telepathic capabilities, but I bad to deny myself this, for I should have had to use F. L. for this. But my duty consisted in the contrary of this - i.e., in suppressing F. L. so that M. Z, might regain her health by means of normal sleep. As a matter of fact, how can a person remain healthy if she is mentally active during sleep as well as during waking? She must become nervous, incapable of working, irritable, and like an hysterical plaything in unscrupulous hands, just like this poor victim of the craving for experiment and the curiosity of the students, spiritualists, and doctors. My experiments hitherto, however, had been necessary, since they had given the key to the double existence of the patient.

I left off giving orders which were unpalatable to her from this time, did not return again to the homo-sexual theme, and tried to win over the somnambulist F. L. by showing a sympathetic interest.

It may be mentioned hero that she was hypnotized according to Wetterstrand's system in the same room as other patients, and the suggestions were whispered into her ear (as I always do). I then flattered F. L., and explained to her my scientific views in a friendly manner. She (F. L.) knew of M. Z.'s existence, while M. Z. did not know anything about her (F. L.). But both were existing in the same brain, and the poor brain would perish from this double work. I applied to F. L.'s generosity; she must sacrifice herself to make room for a healthy M. Z. She would have to give up the moon, and sleep, etc. I obtained a promise to this effect from F. L. by kindly persuasion. I then declared to her the impossibility of getting out of bed during sleep, and even of moving about in bed, suggested deep, absolutely quiet sleep during the night, etc.

The result was a continuous tranquility. A few mild somnambulic attacks, it is true, did take place, but she did not leave her room again, and in the course of a few weeks even these attacks ceased. At the same time M. Z. improved visibly. Her appetite and capability for work returned. The changing mood (sadness, irritability, etc.) stopped also. In short, after a few months M. Z, was in a position to enter into service with an elderly lady. Since then she appeared to be quite cured, and wrote to the woman with whom she had lived a very happy and bright letter, saying that she was now cured, after having been ill for many years. I had given her an amulet as a precaution in case of a temporary disturbance of her nervous system, with which she could put herself to sleep for half an hour and tran-quilize herself.

Although this case is not so striking as that of Mr. N. with his Australian journey, it is nevertheless very instructive on account of the analysis. It confirms the rule which I would wish to formulate.

A person does not know anything, or only knows very little, about his sleep life during the waking condition. During somnambulism or the sleeping condition, on the other hand, he generally knows of his waking condition. F. L. knew of M. Z., and spoke of her as the "second F." But this is a detached, dissociated knowledge, a dreamlike knowledge. The somnambulist only has knowledge of a few half hallucinated pictures both from his actions and thoughts during the somnambulism, and from his doings and thoughts in the waking condition. These pictures follow one another mistily dissociated, while only the automatic instinct life remains well associated. One must therefore presume the existence of a "third," more animal consciousness, which is connected more with the activity of the subjected brain centers while the dream-consciousness belongs to the dissociated cerebral activity. In the somnambulic condition F. L. was as nimble as a cat, climbed on railings, and waltzed in giddy heights (as she had often been told), while M. Z. was very careful and nervous.