1. Acid or alkaline: use litmus paper as a test.

2. Specific gravity: use sp. gr. bottle or hydrometer.

3. Nitric acid is added; if crystals form abundantly, there is excess of urea; if a precipitate, albumen may be present.

4. A portion is heated; a precipitate indicates either albumen or phosphates.

5. To the precipitate from No. 4 (in the tube) add nitric acid. Phosphates are dissolved; albumen is not dissolved.

6. To a portion of the urine add the copper test solution with heat; a reddish-yellow precipitate indicates sugar; or take equal parts of urine and liquor potassa, add a pinch of bismuth subnitrate, boil thoroughly. If sugar is present the powder turns brown or black.

7. A portion is tested with nitric acid; if precipitate is abundant and light color - albumen; if scanty and red color - uric acid.

8. The urine, when boiled, forms a dark coagulum - blood.

9. The urine, mixed with a warm solution of urate of ammonia, gives a pink precipitate purpurine.

10. The urine (deprived of albumen by heat) has a few grains of sugar added, and the sulphuric acid, drop by drop, a deep red color indicates bile.

11. Solution nitrate 01 silver precipitates chlorides. (The urine must first be freed from albumen.) Each grain of precipitated chloride of silver when dried at 212o F., representing 4-10 gr. of chlorides.