How Standard Dietaries Have Been Established. Part 2
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This section is from the book "Principles Of Human Nutrition A Study In Practical Dietetics", by Whitman H. Jordan. Also available from Amazon: Principles Of Human Nutrition: A Study In Practical Dietetics.
How Standard Dietaries Have Been Established. Part 2
Dr. W. O. Atwater,1 after an extensive study of dietary conditions in the United States, suggested the following for the conditions prevailing here, which may be regarded as a compromise with the European standards: 1 Loc. cit., p. 213.
Table XXV. Standards For Daily Dietaries (American)
TABLE XXV | |||
Standards for Daily Dietaries (American) | |||
Fuel Value | Nutritive Ratio | ||
Grams | Calories | 1: | |
Woman with light, muscular exercise . . | 90 | 2400 | 5.5 |
Woman with moderate muscular work . | 100 | 2700 | 5.6 |
Man without muscular work .... | |||
Man with light muscular work .... | 112 | 3000 | 5.5 |
Man with moderate muscular work . . . | 125 | 3500 | 5.8 |
Man with hard muscular work .... | 150 | 4500 | 6.3 |
It is to be observed that Dr. Atwater's standards are rather more generous than the European. This is to be expected in standards based upon eating habits, for the relatively larger supply of food materials in the United States and the higher wage of our laboring classes conduces to more generous and more expensive eating habits.
It is to be noted that these tables differ in the terms in which the standards are stated. The earlier standards are given in terms of total nutrients in the food eaten. Later only total protein and the energy of the total food are stated, while Dr. Langworthy gives the standards in terms of digestible protein and utilizable energy.
An excellent and quite complete summary of the results of dietary studies throughout the world has been presented by Dr. Langworthy.1
1 Year Book, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1907, p. 366.
Table XXVI. Results Of Dietary Studies In The United States And Other Countries
TABLE XXVI | ||||
Results of Dietary Studies in the United States and Other Countries | ||||
Persons | Total Protein Eaten | Energy or Total Diet | Digested Protein | Energy Utilized |
United States: | Grams | Calories | Grams | Calories |
Men at bard muscular work: Artisans, laborers, etc., average of 24 studies . . | 177 | 6485 | 162 | 6000 |
Athletes, average of 19 studies .... | 198 | 4980 | 182 | 4510 |
Men at moderate muscular work: Farmers, artisans, laborers, etc., average of 162 studies | 100 | 3685 | 92 | 3425 |
Men not employed at muscular occupations: Business men, students, etc., average of 51 studies | 106 86 | 3560 2820 | 98 80 | 3285 |
Men with little or no muscular work: Inmates of institutions, average of 49 studies . . | 2600 | |||
Very poor working people, average of 15 studies | 69 | 2275 | 64 | 2100 |
Canada: Factory hands, average of 13 studies. | 108 | 3735 | 99 | 3480 |
West Indies: | ||||
Farmers, light work, Leeward Islands . . . | 82 | 75 | 3085 | |
Ireland: Workingmen | 98 | 90 | 3107 | |
England: Workingmen | 89 | --------- | 82 | 2685 |
Scotland: | ||||
Workingmen | 108 | --------- | 99 | 3228 |
Students | 143 | --------- | 132 | 3979 |
Finland: | ||||
Workingmen | 114 | --------- | 105 | 3011 |
Workingmen (hard work) | 167 | 150 | 4378 | |
Students | 157 | 144 | 3984 | |
Sweden: | ||||
Workingmen | 134 | --------- | 123 | 3281 |
Workingmen (hard work) | 189 | 174 | 4557 | |
Students | 127 | 117 | 3032 | |
TABLE XXVI - Continued | ||||
Results of Dietary Studies in the United States and Other Countries - Continued | ||||
PERSONS | Total Protein Eaten | Energy OF Total Diet | Digested Phots in | Energy Utilized |
Grams | Calories | Grams | Calories | |
Russia: | ||||
Factory hands | 119 | 109 | 3194 | |
Miners (hard work) | 155 | -------- | 143 | 4000 |
Northern Italy: Lahorers | 125 | 115 | 3655 | |
Southern Italy: Laborers | 148 | 136 | 4400 | |
Italy: Farmers and mechanics | 125 | -------- | 115 | 3400 |
Germany: | ||||
Workingmen (hard work) | 134 | 123 | 3061 | |
Farmers | 137 | 126 | 4530 | |
Professional men | 111 | -------- | 102 | 2511 |
France: | ||||
Men (light work) | 110 | 101 | 2750 | |
Farmers (south of France) | 149 | 137 | 4570 | |
Belgium: | ||||
Workingmen | 92 | -------- | 84 | 3000 |
Farmers | 136 | 125 | 4370 | |
Poland: Well-to-do families | 121 | 111 | 3015 | |
Japan: | ||||
Laborers | 118 | -------- | 103 | 4415 |
Laborers (hard work) | 158 | 137 | 5050 | |
Professional and business men | 87 | -------- | 75 | 2190 |
Students | 98 | 88 | 2800 | |
Java: Men (light work | 73 | 67 | 2500 | |
China, Lao-Kay: Laborers | 91 | 83 | 3400 | |
Abam: Laborers | 134 | 123 | 3866 | |
Egypt: Native laborers | 112 | 103 | 2825 | |
Congo: Native laborers | 108 | 90 | 2812 | |
187. Influence Of Conditions
A study of the foregoing tables reveals facts of importance, principally two: (1) that age and occupation have a very marked influence upon actual food consumption, and (2) that food consumption in different countries under unlike physical and economic conditions differs greatly even with persons of the same class and kind of occupation. The first fact is in accordance with the bio-chemical facts we have been considering. If the food must supply the energy used in internal and external work, then the more units of work are performed, the more food is required. The child is growing rapidly and requires building material which the adult does not. The second fact of the unlike consumption of food in different lands, for instance, students or men at hard work, is related in part to certain economic conditions such as food supply and wages, but at the same time it opens a question of large import which will be quite fully considered later.
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