When the square has been demonstrated on the black-board and drawn up by the pupils in their drawing books, it is with guidance of the try-square drawn upon the wood, which is clamped above the cut out triangles on the horizontal benches.

1. This square should be 6 inches wide. Small hand saws are in this case the best implements, and after the square is sawn out, the child moves it over to one of the vertical benches on purpose to smooth off the edges. For those that go across the grain either the block plane or the flat file is used, and with the grain the drawing knife, whereupon the pupil returns to the horizontal bench and smoothes both surfaces with the scraper and with sand and flint paper wrapped around a block of wood.

Now the great question will arise, for what purpose this neatly finished square can be used. I let the children themselves make the suggestions and their fancy is vivid, but the most of them decide to give it to their mother for a Tea-pot stand. I always let the pupils keep their work themselves. Grown-up people as a rule enjoy the fruits of their labor, so why should not the little ones have the same privilege?

When completing all the models from No. 1 to No. 15, the edges that go across the grain should be finished before those which go with the grain. And the models should also be cut out a little wider than the exact measure, thus providing a small allowance for splitting at the corners by the untrained hand, while planing the edges across the grain.

2, The next model represents the rectangle. Three equal rectangles - 12x6 inches - are drawn by means of a ruler and the try square, and sawn out with the hand saw. The short sid*es are smoothed with the block plane and the long ones either with the drawing knife or the jack plane.

It should not be omitted to make the pupils observe that when using the drawing knife, the spoke shave, or the jack plane for the edge, or the smoothing plane for the surface, the work should be turned and only half of the distance be trimmed at times. It should also be pointed out that while using the jack plane or the smoothing plane the working force does not act quite horizontally, though it seems so, but that the motion should describe a slight curve, the deepest part of which is just there, where the cutter strikes. This simple explanation will help the pupils to better grasp the idea of planing.

At an equal distance from all the corners holes are bored with a drill, and the surface of each rectangle is smoothed either with the scraper or the smoothing plane and also, if needs be. with sand and flint paper. Braided cords are threaded through the holes, and knots made on the cord right under each shelf. In order to keep the shelves steady there should be stuck small pins through the knots. These pins are cut out with the chisel from a piece of wood which is 1 1/2 inches wide, thus making the pins of a similar length, whereupon they are smoothed with the Sloyd knife. When all the three rectangles have been put up in this way, all the four cords are joined in a knot, and the whole thing is hung on a nail on the wall. And the little pupils will find to their great delight, that they already at this early stage have been able to make a Bookshelf for themselves, or - if they prefer it so - for some other person.

While producing the book-shelf the following muscles are engaged:

Extensors (the saw), Flexors (the drawing knife), Rotators (the drill), thus promoting the harmonious development of the body.

When the saw is drawn towards the body no force should be used, and consequently no cut made; whereupon it is pushed outwards with great force, thus producing a deep cut for each movement.

As already at this early stage the different ability of the pupils will come forth, those who have hard to keep up to the average may be allowed to make only two shelves.

But those who are strong enough to use the jack plane with advantage, may plane up the long sides of all the three shelves at the same time, putting them together into the vise.

3. A Ruler - 12 x 2 inches - is the next model. A smooth edge is planed up with the jack plane. The width is traced with the marking gauge, the long side sawn with the hand saw and the short sides with the tenon saw. The block plane and the drawing knife are used for the edges, and a hole is bored with the center-bit at one of the ends. Then the ruler is trimmed with the scraper or the smoothing plane and with sand- and flintpaper.

When using the drawing knife it should be observed that if the slanting side of the cutter is turned upwards, then the knife makes a deeper cut, while if the straight side is upwards the cut gets smaller.

4. Now again a rectangle - 6x4 is produced and a diagonal drawn. This is divided along the diagonal into two equal parts; and the pupil finds that he by this has got two right-angled triangles, which after a hole has been bored in the right-angled corners and the trimming done in the usual way, can be useful as Marking squares or Rulers.

It will be observed by the experienced reader that at the production of this model comes in the oblique sawing and the oblique planing.

Another marking square can be made like this as extra work, the angles being smoothed with the flat file.

5. Again a square - 9 inches - is sawn out; each side is divided into three equal parts and the connecting lines are drawn up between the marked points, thus dividing the big square by the lead pencil marks into 9 small equal squares. The four corner squares are sawn out with the tenon saw and there will remain a regular Cross, which after having been trimmed with the plants, the drawing knife, the flat file, and the papers can be used for a Vase stand, or anything else the child likes to use it for.

6. Another square - 8 inches - is sawn out and is to form a different kind of a Cross. Each side is divided into four equal parts. The both middle parts of every side are to form the hypothe-nuse for right-angled isosceles triangles, which are sawn out with the compass saw. The remainder, a cross with pointed ends, is trimmed in the same way as was the previous cross.

7, 8. But the four triangles, just sawn out, are not to be thrown into the waste box. The two of them which go with the grain, can trimmed up be used as small Rulers, while the two triangles which are cut out across the grain can be cut with the chisel into the shape of Key tags, consisting of a rectangle and a triangle. In this way the children will learn to economise material.

9. A narrow rectangle - 5 x 1 1/2 inches - and an isosceles acute angled triangle will form a Flower label, the pointed end to be whittled thinner with the Sloyd knife.

10, 11. A square - 6 inches - with an equilateral triangle on each one of two opposite sides; and a rectangle - 10x5 inches - with one equilateral triangle form useful Stands for flower pots.

12. A Decanter tray can be made in the shape of a trapezium, which figure at the same time can for the children serve as an illustration for the form of life.

13, 14. A rectangle - 12x3 inches - with an isosceles triangle upon the long side, and another rectangle - 10x4 inches - with a similar triangle-on the short side will, supplied with necessary-screws and hooks, make the first one a Clothes rack and the other one a Key board.

15. Nothing can interest the pupils more than to mark out a circle with a pair of compasses and then saw out their "wheel" or Discus. For this work the compass saw is used. A diameter of 9 inches will be the best. If there appears some unevenness in the circumference, it can be smoothed either with the concave spoke shave or with the round side of the rasp. And then the little pupils may have their wheels to play with.

16. A larger circle is made - say 12 or 15 inches diameter - for a Bread tray.

17. The next circle - 6 inches diameter - can be made into a Sponge holder. For that purpose there are bored holes in concentric circles along the radius in that way, so that the biggest drill bit is used for the centere and then gradually smaller and smaller towards the circumference.

It should be observed not to bore the holes right through from one side, but to turn the work as soon as the bit has pierced through to the opposite side, and then complete the boring from that side, thus preventing the wood from splitting.

The holes are smoothed with the round file, and the edges are bevelled with the drawing knife. After that the trimming with sand- and flint-paper is to be done, and there are thread cords through the holes of the outer circle, these cords are joined in a knot about 8 inches above the bottom, and the sponge holder is finished.

18. Three Circles of equal size - 5 inches diameter - can be arranged in the same way as was the book-shelf consisting of three equal rectangles.

19. A larger circle - 6 inches diameter - and a smaller - 4 1/2 inches diameter - joining each other and rounded along the edges with the drawing knife and smoothed with the half-round file and the papers will make a Tray for a decanter and a glass. While completing this model the pupil will get experience in concave as well as convex shaping.

20. A rectangle - 12x8 inches - with a semicircle at one of the short sides; or another rectangle - 10x7 inches - with semi-circles at the both short sides, will form two different kinds of Cutting boards.

21. A square - 7 inches - with a semi-circle on one side, to which is joined a long and narrow rectangle - 24 x 2 inches - with a semi-circle at the upper end will make a Spade to dig into the sand with. The handle is rounded with the concave spoke shave, and the spade is bevelled on both surfaces with the plane, and along the two opposite edges with the drawing knife.

22, 23. A Cake spoon and a Butter spoon can be made in the same way. For the cake spoon the square is 3 inches with semi-circles on two of the opposite sides, and the rectangle is 8x1 1/2 inches. For the butter spoon the square is 3 inches with a semi-circle on one side, and the rectangle 5x1 1/2 inches. The former is perforated with the centerbit and the latter moulded with the reeder. The edges of the spoons are bevelled either with the drawing knife or the spoke shave and the handles are rounded with the Sloyd knife.

24. From a long and narrow rectangle - 8x1 1/2 inches, with semi-circles at both ends, is made out a Paper knife, the edges sharpened with the concave spoke shave.

25. A rectangle - 24x13 inches - with a semicircle - 16 inches diameter - sawn out from one of the longer sides will make a handy Writing board to be held on the knee.

Every article is of course trimmed with files and sand- and flint-paper.