Expenditures. (Sums in Francs.')

Receipts

The continued deficits from 1814 to 1869 were covered by loans inscribed in the grand livre de la dette publique, bearing interest, and known as the rentes at 3, 4, 41/2, and 5 per cent. During the 15 years of the restoration (1815-30) the national debt was more than trebled; under Louis Philippe (1830-48) it increased but one fourth; under Napoleon III. the consolidated debt alone rose from 5,577,000,000 fr. in 1853 (bearing 220,000,000 fr. interest) to 11,710,-000,000 fr. in 1870 (bearing 364,000,000 fr. interest). In consequence of the enormous expenses caused by the war against Germany, the interest on the consolidated debt had increased in 1872 to 542,000,000 fr., representing a nominal principal of 15,801,000,000 fr. The other liabilities of the state, including the floating debt (750,000,000 fr.), amounted in the same year to 6,821,500,000 fr., thus swelling the entire public debt of France to 22,622,-500,000 fr., bearing an annual interest of more than 1,000,000,000 fr.-The military establishment of France is based on the law of July 27, 1872, which went into operation Jan. 1, 1873. According to this law, every Frenchman must personally render military service, substitution and enlistment for money being forbidden; and every Frenchman not declared unfit for military service may be called upon from the age of 20 to that of 40 years to enter the active army or reserves.

He must be enrolled for live years in the active army, four years in the reserve of the active army, five years in the territorial army, and six years in the reserve of the territorial army. Young men who can prove a certain amount of education by passing an examination are permitted to enlist as volunteers for one year only, and to obtain thereby exemption from service in the active army. Soldiers of the active army who can read and write, and have learned their duties, may be furloughed for an indefinite time. The reorganization of the army was not yet completed in 1873. In 1872 the infantry embraced 126 regiments of 4 battalions each, 4 regiments of zouaves, 3 of Turcos, 1 foreign regiment, 30 battalions of chasseurs, and 3 battalions of light African infantry; in all, 134 regiments and 33 battalions, or 569 battalions. The cavalry was composed of 12 regiments of cuirassiers, 20 of dragoons, 14 of chasseurs, 10 of hussars, 4 of chasseurs d'Afrique, and 3 of spahis; in all, 63 regiments. The artillery, according to the budget for 1873, is to be brought to 32 regiments, to which must be added 1 regiment of pontonniers, 10 companies of workmen, 5 companies of gunners, and 2 regiments of train. The engineers embraced thus far 3 regiments of sappers and 1 company of workmen.

The government return of 1871 gave the nominal strength of the army on the peace footing as 404,192 men and 86,368 horses; and on the war footing, 757,727 men and 143,238 horses. France is divided into 22 military divisions, governed by generals of division, and the most important by marshals, and into as many subdivisions (under brigadier generals) as there are departments. The headquarters of the divisions are in the following cities: Paris, Rouen, Lille, Chalons-sur-Marne, Be-sancon, Lyons, Marseilles, Montpellier, Perpi-gnan, Toulouse, Bayonne, Bordeaux. Nantes, Rennes, Bastia, Tours, Bourges, Clermont, Limoges, and Grenoble (two divisions having no assigned headquarters in 1872). No other country possesses so many fortresses as France. After an imperial decree of June 26, 1867, had stricken 98 fortified places from the list of fortresses, there still remained 119; these are divided into 8 of the first class, 1,3 of the second, 23 of the third, and 75 of the fourth. The most important are the following: 1, along the N. frontier, Lille, Douai, Conde, Valenciennes, Maubeuge, Givet, Mezieres, Sedan, Longwy; 2, along the E. frontier, Belfort, Besancon, Fort de Joux, Lyons, Grenoble, Briancon; 3, along the Mediterranean coast, Antibes, Toulon, Marseilles, Cette, Fort St. Elme, Port Vendres; 4, along the Pyrenees, Bellegarde, Mont Louis, Perpignan, Bayonne; 5, along the TV. and N. coasts, the islands of Oleron, Re, Noirmoutiers, Belle-Isle and Groix, Rochefort, La Rochelle, Lorient, Brest, St. Malo, Mont St. Michel, Cherbourg, Havre, Boulogne, Calais, and Dunkirk. The government has cannon founderies at Douai and Toulouse, and factories of gunpowder, muskets, cannon balls, etc.

Its military arsenals and warehouses are very numerous. The French navy at the end of 1871 was composed of 62 iron-clad vessels, 264 screw steamers without armor, 62 paddle-wheel steamers, and 113 sailing vessels; in all, 501 vessels, the steamers with a total of 96,627 horse power, and the whole fleet carrying 3,045 guns. The naval staff consisted of 2 admirals, 18 vice admirals, 32 rear admirals, 132 ship captains, 290 frigate captains, 829 lieutenants, and 610 ensigns. The sailors, afloat and ashore, numbered 39,-500. The grand total of men in the service of the fleet, including engineers, dockyard laborers, and others, was 74,000. On a war footing the strength of the navy can be raised to 130,000 men. There are boards of marine engineers, of hydrographical engineers, of inspectors, etc. Naval schools, and several schools of application, for the education and scientific improvement of the officers, and even the seamen, are connected with the navy department. A board of admiralty, another superintending the naval works, and a third attending to the improvement of instruction among the sailors, act as advisers to the minister of marine. The maritime territory of France is divided into five districts or prefectures, subdivided into arrondissements and quarters.

The naval prefects reside at Cherbourg,. Brest, Lorient, Rochefort, and Toulon, and under them officers, called heads of service, commissaries, and under-commissaries, are placed in the several subdivisions.-France could once boast of the extent of her colonial possessions in America, and also for a while in Asia. She has lost the greater part of them, and possesses now only the following: 1, in Africa, Algeria on the N. coast, several islands, seaports, and military posts on the banks of the river Senegal, the island of Goree on the coast of Senegambia, S. of Cape Verd, Reunion (formerly Bourbon island), S. E. of that continent, in the Indian ocean, and the islands of Mayotte, Nossi-Be, and Ste. Marie, near Madagascar; 2, in Asia, the districts of Pondicherry, Karikal, Chandernagore, Yanaon, and Mahe in Hindostan, and six provinces of Cochin China; 3, near the coast of North America, the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon; 4, in the Caribbean sea, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Marie-Ga-lante, Les Saintes, Desirade, and one half of St. Martin island; 5, in South America, French Guiana, or Cayenne; 6, in the Pacific ocean, the Marquesas islands, or Mendana archipelago, the Loyalty islands, and New Caledonia. Tahiti and dependencies, the Touamotou islands, the Gambier islands, Toubouai, and Vavitou, all in Polynesia, and Cambodia in Further India, are under French protection.