The word it may often be readily expressed by halving the last full-length consonant of a preceding word, as in signs 132 and 133. Many word-signs may also be halved to represent the addition of it, without writing it. See signs 134 to 136. A halved-V is often used to represent the phrase of it, providing it is written above the line, as in sign 137. This spells pit, which is very near the sound of of it. In this, V has been used for of A double length V, upon a similar plan, may be used to represent of their, as in signs 138 and 139.

The halving principle can also be used to add the words ought and would ox had on the same plan that halving adds it in the phrase take it, sign 135. In that instance, the word rests on the line when adding it, while in signs 140 and 146 and 150, the words it, which and such are placed above the line and halved to add ought. It must be observed that the halved outline must be above the line to add ought, as in above instances, and must be below the line to add would or had, just as sign 141 adds would or had to the word it, reading it would or it had. But it is only such common second-place word-abbreviations as it or which that may be taken out of position to add the words ought and would or had by halving. First or third-place abbreviations must keep their positions.

By adding the V-hook meaning have, the N hook for not, or the L hook for will, more extended phrases may be made from these small outlines, as illustrated by signs 143 to 145 and 148, 149, 151 and 152, and, in some instances the word to may be also implied, though not indicated, as in sign 142, in which instance the halving of the character is done to add the word ought, to being merely understood in that phrase.

In sign 157, the circle-S is added on the most convenient side.

Signs 159 and 161, 165 and 166, show what sort of derivatives may be formed from the signs immediately preceding them, while signs 174 to 184 illustrate how portions of words may be used legibly for entire words. Signs 168 and 169 are partly of this character.

Signs 194 to 201 represent the best derivative forms for those words. Difference of position is chosen to indicate the difference of meaning between words having same outline, signs 194, 195,196 and 197, 256 and 257.

Signs 258 to 260 are phrase-abbreviations for those words.

The beginning letter O is omitted from the word oblige, in sign 261, because unnecessary, blige being just as legible.

All these differences in outline, shading, position, direction of writing, size, etc., should be noted well by the student, and carefully heeded, whether they occur in separated words or in the sentences terminating the Exercises to the concluding lesson of this course. Such words and phras2s are incorporated in these lessons for the particular benefit of students, and they can depend upon it that there is a reason for both the position and outline of every one of them. For instance, the context will seldom tell the difference between write and read; therefore, write is an R halved to indicate the T, and read is written with the R and D in full. For a similar reason, a distinction is made between read (pronounced reed) when meaning to read, and read (pronounced red) when meaning have read, although spelled the same in English; thus, put read (pronounced reed) above the line when it means to read, because of its more distinct vowel E, and write read (pronounced red) when meaning have read on the line, as in sentences in this lesson. Other necessary distinctions are particularly shown in the sentences represented by sign 266 of Exercise, wherein are illustrated differences between six words sounded much alike, viz: ceasing, season, session, secession, cessation and association.

The word of can occasionally be expressed by the V hook, as in the phrase part of the in the sentence represented by sign 266 in Exercise.

The N-hook may occasionally do duty for the sound of Ng, as in sign 8i,b-ang-k, bank, but this should only be when no other letter follows Ng in same word, for Ng, when final, is written long, as in sign go.

Signs 82 and 83 are instances of brevity in formation only to be followed when it can be safely done. The consonant sounds are all there, but syllable indication is not observed.

Sign 84 is the best outline for the word eye, as the pronunciation of that word is the same as the letter I. And, when any one pronounces the word aye the same as the letter I, the letter I will do for that word also, but when aye is pronounced like the letter A of the alphabet, then it should be written as in sign 85. The interrogative Eh is sometimes pronounced like the letter A of the alphabet, in which case that letter should be written for it, as in sign 85; but when it is properly pronounced, it sounds like short-e, and that letter then should be employed for it, as in sign 86. For the sound of the interjection Ah, the alphabetical letter for that sound should be used, as in sign 87.

The word now is best spelled in full, n-ow, as in sign 88. The word once should be written as in sign 89..

In junctures of the letter Hay with N or Ing, the Hay may be written upwards, as in sign go.

The sound of P is omitted from the word impugned, sign 91, wherein it is written with a letter M halved and thickened to add D, and at the same time placed under the line to indicate the very prominent sound of U, with its preceding vowel sound unprovided for, because unnecessary.

Signs 92 to 125 contain outlines for words and phrases, the former mostly compound, for which the student needs special outlines for distinction sake, or to provide easy forms for words difficult to write according to rule, the latter sort being mainly and meanwhile, signs 92 and 93, and the distinctive outlines being such as the provision for the difference existing between the words into, unto and onto, signs 94, 95 and 96, also adopt and adapt, signs 100 and 101. The termination ers and erics, occurring in such words as distillers, distilleries, and similar words, need to be clearly indicated, ers being indicated in hook and circle form as in sign 98, and eries by the full sized R and circle as in sign