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Workshop Receipts For Manufacturers And Scientific Amateurs. Supplement Aluminium To Wireless | by The Chemical Publishing Co.



This book presents a compendium of instructions on working in workshops, using tools and alot of information important to workshop technicians.

TitleWorkshop Receipts For Manufacturers And Scientific Amateurs. Supplement Aluminium To Wireless
AuthorThe Chemical Publishing Co.
PublisherThe Chemical Publishing Co. Of Ny. Inc.
Year1936
Copyright1936, The Chemical Publishing Co. Of Ny. Inc.
AmazonWorkshop Receipts For Manufacturers And Scientific Amateurs

Preface

In presenting this supplementary volume of " Workshop Receipts " to the public, the publishers have been most careful to preserve the well-known features of the four previous volumes. The matter in this volume has been very carefully selected with a view to maintaining the character for commonsense usefulness which this work has always possessed. Great care has been taken to avoid duplicating the information in the existing volumes, but where some of the subjects required it, further recent information has been given, and in each of these cases reference has been made to the original articles.

Due acknowledgement of the sources of information has for the most part been made in the text.

The Publishers hope that this supplementary volume may prove as useful as the rest of the work.

-Workshop Receipts. Aluminium. Working
This metal even if not pure, can easily be machined and worked up, provided that the correct grade of metal for the purpose be used, and also that the right shaped tools be used at the proper speed an...
-Bearings. Ball Bearings
The type of ball bearings as used on cycles, that is one in which a row of balls run between a race in the form of a cup and an adjustable cone, is not one often used on any other machinery, unless it...
-Bearings. Ball Bearings. Continued
Fig. 3 shows the method of assembly of a single row radial bearing made by the Skefko Ball Bearing Co., a cage is finally added to keep the balls separate, and at equal distances apart, and by so doin...
-Roller Bearings
These may be divided into two main classes, i.e., those in which the rollers make contact with the shaft or axle, and those which run on an inner roller race, which race is fast on the shaft or axle. ...
-The Timken Taper Roller Bearing
It will be seen from a study of Fig. 13 that there are four distinct elements in a Timken Roller Bearing, viz. :-(1) The inner race which, due to its conical raceway, is called the cone. (2) The outer...
-Timken Bearings For Motor Cycle Hubs
With fixed spindle designs, either plain or screwed bore cones can be employed, as is illustrated in Fig. 14. The adjustable cone should, wherever possible, be located at the near-side end of the hub,...
-Lubrication
Lubricants used.in connection with Timken bearings must be of two distinct kinds, in that they have two distinct duties to perform, namely :-(1) They must protect the bearing. (2) They must lubricate ...
-Brass
THE qualities, testing and uses OF cold-rolled brass. Brass includes the workable alloys of copper and zinc, with a range of copper content from 58% upwards. From the standpoint of the metallurgist...
-Brass. Part 2
In order to define the quality of a brass required for any specific purpose, not only should the copper content be given, but also sufficient information concerning the physical properties required, a...
-Brass. Part 3
It should be quite clear that the condition of uneven internal stress which may result in the season-cracking of brass articles is not a product of rolling mill work, nor a quality of the brass as suc...
-Brass. Part 4
To Colour Brasswork. Green Shades Place in a boiling solution of Copper sulphate . . 60 grains Hydrochlorate of ammonia .... 15 Water.....20 ozs. Red Chlorate of potash . ;100 grains Ni...
-Cameras
These are of very many different designs, and it is not possible here to deal with them all, but the most general design will be taken in each case. A portrait photographer will use a heavy, rigid sta...
-Camera Back
This depending upon the type, will take either plates or films, or both, while the films may be of roll type, or in cut sheets. In any case it is necessary that no stray light can enter through any of...
-Focussing Cameras
Focussing is carried out by means of the large milled knob fitted to the left-hand side of the camera, as shown in Fig. 22. This works very simply, and will adjust the focus to a very fine degree, ...
-Casehardening. Notes On Casehardening
A few general observations on the technique of casehardening will doubtless be of interest. In the first place, we should emphasize the necessity for cleaning the articles from oil, dirt, etc., before...
-The Selection Of Steel For Case-Hardening
Too much attention cannot be paid to the selection of a suitable steel for casehardening work. The requirements are, probably, more stringent than for any other class of steel. For most casehardeni...
-The Dangers Of Excess Carbon
A case containing over 0-90 per cent, carbon in the exterior is always liable to develop cracks in quenching, especially if, as is usual with plain carbon steel the quenching medium is water. Furtherm...
-Time For Carburising
It is extremely difficult to fix definite times for varying depths of case as these vary considerably with the type of furnace, the box and the class of work. The use of test bars will soon enable ...
-The Heat Treatment Of Carburised Work
It is impossible in the short space at our disposal to discuss fully the various heat treatments and methods adopted for different articles and different steels. The most that can be done is to enumer...
-Cellar Management
I have frequently been asked what is the proper way to manage beer in a publican's cellar, and as it is a matter of considerable importance to both a publican and cellar-man, a few hints from an old b...
-Cellar Management. Part 2
If made quite air-tight, the cellar being fairly warm, it is apt to get up too much condition to take finings properly, and will not go bright on fining; while, on the other hand, if there is little o...
-Cellar Management. Part 3
See that your finings are as smooth as and pour out like oil, or they cannot do their work properly. There should be no lumps in them, and they should have just a very slightly acid taste. You s...
-Cellar Management. Part 4
There is an old saying that any old woman can brew beer and draw it, but you will see from the foregoing that it wants a considerable amount of care if you want to have it good, and customers in these...
-Centrifugal Pumps
These pumps have in late years made considerable advances both in design and performance, and in favour as against plunger pumps, for many purposes. They are now used for such varied work as for irrig...
-Centrifugal Pumps. Part 2
Foundations Holes for foundation or holding down bolts should preferably be formed in the foundation block, being made with collapsible wooden boxes which can be withdrawn after the block is comple...
-Centrifugal Pumps. Part 3
Strainer And Footvalve The total area of the holes in the strainer should be at least three times the area of the suction pipe. It is usually arranged as part of the footvalve and should be so fixe...
-Priming a Centrifugal Pump
Before the pump will work the whole of the suction pipes and pump should be filled with water. Where the pumps are steam driven, or steam is easily available, this may be accomplished by means of a st...
-Chains. The Care Of Chain Drives
Erection The important points requiring attention are as follows : Whenever possible, make provision for adjustment of centre distance. Mount all drives as close to bearings as possible. T...
-Malleable Iron Chains
The following extracts from Cassier's Industrial Management & Mechanical Handling deals with malleable iron chains for conveyors, but as the chains can be used for other purposes also, the details...
-The Ewart Detachable Or Pinless Chain
The first and best known of the above standard types is the Ewart chain (Fig. 33), which was first brought out by Mr. William D. Ewart and put on the market in America by the Link-Belt Company, of Chi...
-The Ewart Detachable Or Pinless Chain. Continued
The Gray Pin Chain In this Chain (Figs. 34 and 35) the body of the link is made of malleable iron, and the connecting pin of steel containing about 0.4 per cent, of carbon. The pins are fitted tigh...
-Chairs
Re-caning Chair Seat. A cane seat to a chair makes a light, cheap, easy to clean, and attractive method of giving the necessary support. It is not difficult to recane a chair when needed although it m...
-Chemicals. (Their Popular, Also Their Chemical Names)
Popular Names. Chemical Names. Aqua fortis .... .... Nitric acid. Aqua regia .... .... Nitric & hydrochloric acids, m...
-Cinematographs
To ensure a good display of cinematograph pictures, many exacting conditions must be met and satisfied. Of course, given the combination of an intelligent operator, with perfect apparatus and films, o...
-Cinematographs. Continued
Cinematograph Act 1909-1920, Part 2 Designed after constant consultation with the Fire Inspection Department, it is claimed that it covers all the provisions of the above Act, therefore may be used...
-Instructions For Operating
Opening Doors Open double doors and release safety bolt of door on reverse side, remove top spool box. Fitting Top Spool Box After removal place spool box on top of case, inserting the channe...
-Instructions For Operating. Continued
The Gate This is swung from a horizontal spindle projecting from the mechanism case, to which it is attached by a bayonet joint. This method of attachment ensures a most rigid support, with the adv...
-Cisterns. Water Closet Flushing Cistern
These can give considerable trouble and annoyance such as: (1) Uncertainty of action ; (2) Leakage through overflow pipe or discharge pipe ; (3) Length of time taken to refill ; (4) Will not refill. ...
-Clocks
An Electrical Clock A good deal of attention has been given in recent times to the subject of electric horology and a number of electrically-propelled clocks have appeared upon the market. The earl...
-Cutting Metal. Oxy-Acetylene Metal Cutting
The use of oxygen for metal cutting was introduced in this country by the British Oxygen Co., Ltd., in 1905. Since that date the process has steadily developed until it is now probably the largest and...
-Cast Iron
As a result of recent investigations, and with the aid of a modified form of cutting blowpipe, it is now possible to successfully cut all grades of cast iron up to 12 or 14 inches thick, the resulting...
-The Cutting Blowpipe
(a) The Universal metal cutting blowpipe is shown in Fig. 49, the sections being shown broken in the shank to enable views to be given on a larger scale. The principle on which the cutting blowpipe...
-Detachable Parts Of The Universal Metal Cutter
It is important that the detachable parts should be clearly understood. They are in the first instance the outer and inner nozzles D and C. These (more especially the former) require occasional renewa...
-The Endurance Pressure Regulator
A pressure regulator must be fitted to all oxygen cylinders employed for metal cutting. Endurance regulators are manufactured by the Company in large quantities and are specially designed for yard ...
-The Acetylene Generator
There is no part of an oxygen metal cutting equipment which requires to be more thoroughly understood and carefully operated than the acetylene generator. This is perhaps more especially true in the c...
-Purification Of Acetylene
It is not necessary to purify acetylene used in connection with the cutting by oxygen of metal scrap, although when the gas is employed with oxygen for welding purposes, its purification is imperative...
-Purification Of Acetylene. Continued
4. ;Oxygen cylinders should not be exposed to temperatures exceeding 100 F. 5. ;Take care not to lay hot welded or cut material on or alongside oxygen cylinders, and great care must be taken n...
-Hydraulic Back Pressure Valve
It is important to study the construction of this valve, illustrated and described. If the generator is of a portable type the hydraulic valve will be attached to it (Fig. 53). If it is of a fixed typ...
-Cutting Under Normal Conditions
(a) ;If the plate to be cut is of thick section (say 1 in. and upwards), heat well down the edge before commencing to cut. (b) ;Always be sure that the cut has penetrated right through the plate be...
-Cycles
The general design is now fairly universal, but minor points differ somewhat depending upon the fancy of the user or the maker. To quickly ascertain whether a cycle of a well-known make is in good ...
-Cycles. Part 2
(3) ;That the shoulder nut which screws out the body, and holds the rubber sleeve and plug in position is not screwed down too tightly, only finger tight is necessary, and best, otherwise the valve ru...
-Cycles. Part 3
The multispeed gear or hub for cycle use has been evolved for the purpose of allowing the rider to alter the gear ratio of the machine at will, and according to the work encountered. It must be simple...
-Cycles. Part 4
The ball-bearings of a cycle require attention in order to get the best results. A noise of any sort from such bearings denotes trouble, and the bearings should be taken to pieces, care being taken to...
-Cycles. Part 5
It is most important also to be certain that the joint between the carbide holder and the lamp body is perfect, otherwise gas escapes, making a smell, also causing the pressure to the burner to be red...
-Drills and Drilling. Sharpening Twist Drills
The correct sharpening of twist drills, in the absence of a special machine, is very seldom attained, but if the following details be considered, and the suggested method adopted, no trouble should be...
-Notes On Drilling Small Holes
Small drills run slowly are much more likely to break than if run faster. A high speed and light feed is required for small drills. Due regard must be given to the article being drilled, if the articl...
-Ebonite. The Manufacture Of Ebonite
When it was first invented, ebonite was made of rubber and sulphur, and even to-day nothing has been found to better that combination of two simple ingredients. But it is essential that nothing but th...
-Forcing And Vulcanising
-The extruding machines turn out rods, tubes, long wedge-shaped sections for coil mounts and so on, and here we cannot resist the simile of a sausage machine ! The plastic ebonite is fed in lumps thro...
-Forcing And Vulcanising. Continued
It is therefore necessary to study carefully the design of the parts to be manufactured in order to avoid the necessity of removing unnecessary stock. Diamond tools consist of a steel blank in whic...
-Egg Storage
Over 4,000 million eggs are consumed in Great Britain per year, and of these some 40% are home produced. This leaves about 2,400 million as being imported. The price of eggs is lowest in April, and hi...
-Epidiascope
This is an apparatus for the projection of the image of solid opaque objects on to a screen. Fig. 71 illustrates a particular form which combines arrangements for :- (a) ;The projection of solid op...
-Essex Board
Just as cotton and similar vegetable fibres-which are physically and chemically closely allied to wood- are spun and woven into textile products of greater strength and utility than the original fibre...
-Files
Manufacture Steel of the correct specification is sent in billets to the rolling mills, rolled to the required sizes, and cut to length. These lengths called file-moods are forged, tanged and p...
-Files. Part 2
A smooth file, which has finer teeth, is used for finishing work, and a dead smooth file for polishing lathe work. Dead smooth files should be employed wherever a very fine finish is required. No pres...
-Files. Part 3
A file manufactured to work on iron or steel is not suitable for filing brass. In filing steel it is better to use second-cut files than those with coarser teeth, and sometimes when an extra finish is...
-Files. Part 4
Tests carried out have revealed that the work done by a file varies according to the character of the metal on which it is employed, according to the amount of pressure exerted for each cut, and to th...
-Gramophones
These machines can now be said to faithfully reproduce music, instrumental or vocal, or any other sounds of which a record has been taken. This was not always the case, but more or less recent improve...
-Gramophones. Continued
Greater responsive qualities in the reproducer itself being called for, research determined that the ordinary flat or single diaphragm should be replaced by one of dual construction, having two respon...
-Grease Guns
Tin: ordinary type of grease gun consists of a cylinder filled with grease, which grease is forced out-through a nozzle at one end, when a piston is forced down the cylinder by hand pressure. These ar...
-Hardness Testing Machines
The Firth Hardometer This machine will test the hardness of medium and hard steels down to 1 m/m thick, and soft steels and non-ferrous metals down to 2 m/m thick when using a standard 120 Kg. load...
-Hardness Testing Machines. Continued
For calibration, provision is made by means of the adjustable spigot .1. (see Fig. 81) for calibrating the load (a rare necessity) which should be 120 Kg., or 30 Kg., if ordered for use on very thin m...
-The Herbert Pendulum Hardness Tester
This is an instrument (Fig. 84) for testing the hardness of substances ranging from lead to sapphire. It is especially applicable to hardened steels, and by a simple adaptation is rendered suitable fo...
-The Scleroscope
The principle employed in this portable hardness tester is the measurement of the height of rebound of a diamond-pointed hammer which falls a fixed distance upon the surface being tested. This rebound...
-Heating By Oil Lamps. Heating Lamps, Oil Burning
One of the most successful types of such heating lamps, and which has overcome the difficulty of smoke and smell, depends for these results upon the main fact that the air necessary for the burning fl...
-Lacquering. The Secret Of Oriental Lacquering
-The secrets of the methods employed for lacquering furniture by the Chinese and Japanese workers have always been carefully guarded, but, according to H. P. Shapland, in a Cantor lecture on the Decor...
-Lathes
The principle of the working of all modern lathes is the same, from the small treadle lathe to the largest, having its own electric motor of many horse power. The modern lathe is also with its separat...
-Lathes. Part 2
A Comparison With Other Types In considering the advantages of the new holder over other types the following points should be noted. Firstly, there is the question of the manner in which the too...
-Lathes. Part 3
Test No. 1. Testing the line-ability of the centres. A long bar is mounted between centres ; this should preferably have two portions near the ends accurately ground, but this is not essential, as the...
-Tool Cutting Angles
It is essential to get a clear idea of the angles of the various surfaces comprising a metal cutting tool. These angles are concerned with the hardness of the metal to be cut, the speed at which the w...
-Cranked Tools
The great advantage of cranked tools lies in their ease of grinding. Most grinding has to be done on the top face of the cutting tool, and with the cranked tool this is an easy matter. With the solid ...
-Screw-Cutting
Most lathes have either sent with them, or attached on them, a table of the necessary change wheels to be used when screw-cutting. The change wheels supplied with most lathes are those required for us...
-Work Between Centres
Care is required here in order to avoid undue wear on the centre in the back or tailstock. The recess in the work for the centres should be to the correct angle, and should never allow the actual poin...
-Hardening And Tempering
After forging tools such as lathe and planer tools, reheat about 2in. to a cherry-red heat (750 C), dip about lin. in water until cold. Withdraw from the water and polish the cold portions with a...
-Verschoyle Mandrel
Also instructions on Turning and Spinning. It is an original and complete machine comprising lathe, driving mechanism, 5in. four-jaw chuck with reversible jaws, handrest and 2 tees, tailstock with bor...
-Tools For Wood And Soft Materials
The gouge is supplied in two sizes, narrow and wide. This is probably the most useful of all the tools, for nearly all the work is roughed down to approximate shape most rapidly with these. To beco...
-Tools For Wood And Soft Materials. Part 2
Chucking the work or gripping it on the rotating spindle is a very important part of every job. It has to be done not only quickly but also firmly, so that the piece shall not jump out of the mandrel ...
-Tools For Wood And Soft Materials. Part 3
These chuck-plates not only carry glass-paper discs, polishing wheels, angle plates, spinning forms, mandrels, cup and ring chucks, special chucks, for drilling buttons, beads, shells, seeds, angle pl...
-Spinning
There is a means of producing with the Verschoyle Mandrel a very big variety of articles both quickly and cheaply from sheet metal. This is called spinning. I do not propose writing generally about it...
-Spinning. Part 2
In both classes of spinning both with and without hole, there are shallow and deep pieces. If there is any art at all in this work it consists in laying the material on to the form of a uniform thi...
-Spinning. Part 3
When the rim has been swept back over its form it will become necessary to cut off the extreme edge with a V metal tool. This is because the material will not expand, contract nor thicken uniformly...
-Lawn Mowers
These are now generally made, when intended for hand power, to a common design. The design is such that when pushed along, the flat iron wheel or rollers at the back drives, by means of a chain or gea...
-Leadburning. By Oxy-Acetylene
An important advance has recently been made in the method of lead welding or autogenous fusion of lead. For some years the practice has been to use as a heating medium either coal gas or hydrogen. ...
-Lenses
In optics a lens is considered to be a portion of a refracting medium bounded by two curved surfaces, or by one plane surface and one curved surface, and is usually made of glass or other transparent ...
-Eyepieces
Huyghenian Eyepieces Fig. 110a illustrates the ordinary form of such eyepiece, and Fig. 110b the capped form. The latter shows the lenses magnifying power, and the standards are 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and...
-Eyepieces. Continued
Luminous barium sulphide or Bolognan phosphorus may be obtained by heating precipitated barium sulphate with powdered charcoal or common gum. The product should be sealed up in glass tubes, or kep...
-Lighters. Cigah, Pipe Or Cigarette Lighters
These are, as well known, operated generally by the production of sparks from a flint by the rotation of a toothed wheel, or by means of a metal striker or scraper; the sparks, falling on to a wick so...
-Locks And Keys
In all effective locks there exist obstructions, stationary or moveable, whose object is to prevent the lock being opened by any key, except that made for the purpose. In the case of a ward M lock t...
-Locks And Keys. Continued
Frequently a key has opened a lever lock for years, and suddenly fails to do so; this is generally due to the key being too worn to engage properly any longer, and nearly always it will be found that ...
-Metal Finishes
Probably the majority of metal articles made by the amateur are of iron or brass, and finishes for these vary considerably. Dealing first with the former, it may be said that there are few finishes th...
-Metal Finishes. Part 2
On the same satin finish a silver oxidised effect can be obtained which is very pleasing. For this make a mixture of cholride of silver, one part ; pearlash, three parts ; common salt, one part ; and ...
-Metal Finishes. Part 3
(English Mechanics.) Blueing Steel (1) Make a box of sheet iron, fill it with sand and subject it to a steady heat. The articles to be blued must be finished and well polished. Immerse the artic...
-Microscopes
The following matter on the proper use and care of the microscopes made by them has been supplied bv Messrs. W. Watson & Sons, Ltd., London, and it is believed that such information will be found very...
-Microscopes. Part 2
Microscope Substage Condensers -A high degree of excellence in the illuminating apparatus of a microscope cannot be too strongly insisted upon. With low powers the light reflected directly from a m...
-Microscopes. Part 3
The object itself is then sharply focussed with the objective. The condenser must then be moved downwards until the image of the lamp flame appears in the field as a bright central streak between two ...
-Microscopes. Part 4
Low Powers Certain objects are of so transparent a nature that their beauty is not disclosed when ordinary transmitted light is used. By placing a black patch stop beneath the back lens of the cond...
-Microscopes. Part 5
With lower powers-1 in., 1/2in., 2/3in., etc., and those of less magnification, flatness of field can be secured over nearly the entire surface, but under no circumstances can flatness of field be pro...
-Microscopes. Part 6
Colour Filters In all Objectives other than those of the Apochromatic series, there is of necessity a residual colour in the corrections. The working of a good Objective can be made equal to tha...
-Microscopes. Part 7
Dust It is exceedingly difficult to remove from the field certain slight specks which can be seen when looked for. Whenever any specks appear they can at once be located by ascertaining which porti...
-Microscopes. Part 8
It cannot be too strongly emphasised that if an Objective is to give its best result it must be used with the proper thickness of cover glass on the object, and with the precise tube length for which ...
-Motor Cycle Troubles
The careful driver will get used to the particular sounds made by his machine when running, and listen at all times for any difference. Any such difference means that something has altered its behavio...
-Motor Cycle Troubles. Continued
Engine Stops Firing Suddenly Generally this will be due to an electrical reason. The high tension wire may be jolted off at one end or the other. The sparking plug may have suddenly broken down, so...
-Office Appliances
Other than the typewriter, the above include such devices as duplicators, letter copiers, and addressing machines, and few modern offices are without some or all of them. Duplicators The purpose...
-Autographic Work Drawings
Plans or diagrams can be made with a Stylus pen and Stylus plate, but the wheel pen must be used when fine, detailed work is required. The stencil may be stretched on an ordinary drawing board by m...
-Letter Copiers
There are devices for taking one or more copies of a letter, for reference or recording purposes later. Almost invariably these copies are taken on to thin paper. In the past many offices used to take...
-Oil Fuel
The following recommendations have been prepared for the use of those already using oil fuel for their steam boilers, by The Manchester Steam Users Association. A full supply of air to the burners ...
-Oil Fuel. Part 2
For further guidance it may be pointed out that from past experience it has been found that the oils which have met with most success in Diesel engine air compressor lubrication, besides complying wit...
-Oil Fuel. Part 3
As stated above, if a liquid has mixed with it another liquid or a solid of different specific gravity from the liquid itself, separation of the substances will take place if the mixture is left undis...
-Oil Fuel. Part 4
Although in the majority of cases straight centrifugal treatment is the only method necessary, it has been found that with certain types of oils, particularly when used in certain types of engines, im...
-Oil Fuel. Part 5
It is essential that before introducing the original liquid, the bowl should be filled with water (as near the temperature of the oil as possible). This is called a Water Seal, and the action of th...
-Painting By Spraying
It is now many years since the first paint spray was invented, and such tremendous progress has now been made that the spray painting method is recognised to be the most economical and efficient metho...
-Painting By Spraying. Continued
The air pressure for atomising the paint varies from 20, 35 and 401bs., according to the circumstances and the class of material used, likewise the pressure on the paint averages from 5-15Ibs., accord...
-Patents. Notes On
Many strive to make money by patents, but few succeed. The conditions that must be satisfied in order to make money by this means are simple, but not at all easy to meet thoroughly. The main condition...
-Patents And Patent Procedure
The grant of Patents is governed by the Patents and Designs Act in force at the time of application, and copies of the Act and other official publications relating to Patents are to be seen at the Pat...
-Patents And Patent Procedure. Part 2
Most applications require drawings also to properly describe the matter, and these drawings must be done in the required manner and style, the Patent Office issues a leaflet of instructions as to the ...
-Patents And Patent Procedure. Part 3
The terms Provisionally Patented or Provisional Patent are frequently come across, both are quite wrong, there are no such things, an invention is either completely patented or not patented at...
-Pens.. Fountain Pens
The bodies of these are nearly always of vulcanite, which material takes a high polish, but is not able to stand violent shocks or blows, and does not lend itself to easy repair if broken, and indeed ...
-Photography
It is now possible for any amateur photographer to produce first class work without great cost. Cameras, plates or films, papers and chemicals are now of high grade quality and reliability, and it is ...
-Exposure Table For Interiors
The following table gives the approximate exposures under varying conditions of light when using stop f.16. If stop f.1 1 is used, give one-half the time ; with f.8 give one-fourth the time ; with sto...
-To Make A Portrait
The subject should be seated in a chair partly facing the light with the body turned slightly away from, and the face turned towards the Kodak, which should be a little higher than an ordinary tabl...
-Portraits And Groups
As everyone knows snapshot portraits are nearly always more pleasing and truer to life than the studio type, and much can be done by the enterprising amateur in obtaining striking likenesses. Any atte...
-Standardising The Developer
The first essential to safety in development is to standardise the developer. It is obvious that if we are to develop a particular plate or film for a certain definite time, we must always use a devel...
-Standardising The Developer. Continued
In developing great care should be taken to see that no air bubbles remain in the film surface while being developed, as the presence of such will cause spots or marks on the film surface. For the sam...
-Inserting The Film
Insert the exposed film spool in the adjustable spool carrier to the right of the box, in such a manner that the paper will lead downward from the top of the spool. Close up the movable end of the car...
-Developing The Film
The flanged reel containing the film and the apron may be inserted in the tank either end first, and should be gradually lowered into the solution by means of the hook. The developer quickly reache...
-Developing Several Spools Of Film At Once
Several spools of film may be developed at one time. To do this you need a Duplicating Outfit consisting of a solution cup, a reel, and an apron for each additional roll of film to be developed. T...
-Printing
The following instructions by Messrs. Hough ton-Butcher, Ltd., will be found to be reliable, simple and concise :- Printing With Self-Tuning Paper A printing frame is required, and if you are us...
-Photographic Apparatus -Developing Systems
In designing the Butcher Developing systems one essential factor has been borne in mind, namely, the necessity for eliminating the handling of films singly. In both systems the film is fitted to a rac...
-Photographic Apparatus -Developing Systems. Continued
Enlarging With The Autoprint You can - 1. ;Use it as an Enlarger and make pictures of quality. 2. ;Copy old photographs, maps, plans, drawings, etc. 3. ;Photograph pages from books and ill...
-Rapid Printing Of Postcards
By means of the Autoprint Postcard Holder, the production of postcards rapidly is reduced to an automatic process. This ingenious device automatically masks and holds the postcard, and is extremely si...
-Photographing Small Objects
Perhaps the most fascinating of all the various ways by which the Autoprint can entertain us is the photography of small objects, the size of which comes within the scope of the baseboard. Use Of T...
-Enlargements, Post Card Size, From Small Negatives
Any negative that will give a good contact print will give a good enlargement. Enlarging, in fact, is often the making of a picture. New charms, unsuspected in the small original, are brought out by e...
-Enlarging On Bromide Papers
When Bromide papers are used, a darkroom illuminated by a safe orange or ruby light will be necessary for the insertion of the paper in the Enlarger, and for developing ; and the Actinometer exposure ...
-Placing The Negative In The Enlarger
Remove the negative carrier J, Fig. 155. This is adapted for use with negatives G x 4 in. or smaller. When negatives smaller than 6 x 4 in. are being used, it will be necessary to use an opaque mask t...
-Test Exposures
It is advisable when first attempting to enlarge to make one or more test strips to determine the proper duration of the exposure. A strip of Bromide paper one or two inches wide and long enough to...
-Photo-Micrography
This branch of science is of increasing interest and importance, and the following extracts from a paper read by Mr. G. Mohn, M.Sc, at a meeting of the Manchester Microscopical Society give a very cle...
-Photo-Micrography. Part 2
An example of brass of the composition 50 per cent, copper and 50 per cent, zinc was shown, each of the grains being composed of , while the separated material was . The had separat...
-Photo-Micrography. Part 3
A magnification of between 180 to 300 diameters would resolve all that was necessarv to be seen in most specimens, while in the case of cast irons even lower magnifications would serve. Sometimes a ma...
-Hints For Photo-Micrography
For the taking of Photo-Micrographs, an ordinary microscope may be used with its objectives and substage condenser, but it requires to be suitably fitted to, and connected with, the camera that is to ...
-Photo-Mirrographit With Ultra-Violet Light
In Practical Microscopy, by Dr. Shillington Scales, published in 1909, appears a very concise description of the apparatus necessary, and we extract from it some of the important points and difficu...
-Plymax
This is an extremely useful product for very many purposes, requiring a thin board with great rigidity. Plymax is a combination of wood and steel. It consists of a plywood core faced with light gal...
-Protection Of Kdges
Plymax sheets are vulnerable only at the edges and it is important that adequate steps be taken to prevent access of moisture to the core. Again, if the edges are left quite exposed, as in the case of...
-Methods Of Working And Finishing Plymax Cutting
The cutting of sheets to size and shape can be effected without difficulty, since the steel-coating is very thin (usually 012 in. thick). Either metal-cutting saws, or wood saws having little or no se...
-Pneumatic Tools
These may be divided into two types, those having purely a reciprocating action, and those having a rotary action. Of the former the most commonly used tools are hammers, which may again be used for d...
-Pneumatic Tools. Continued
It is very essential that the coupling between the cylinder and handle of the hammer should always be kept quite tight, and this point requires particular attention with a new tool. For the Boyer and ...
-Power Plants. (Small)
By small power is meant here up to about, say, 10 h.p. Many different sources may be suggested such as Windmills, Water Turbines, Steam, Electrical, Gas, Oil, Petrol Engine, etc. Taking these in order...
-Power Plants. (Small). Part 2
The ignition for other than Diesel or Semi-Diesel engines is now generally by magneto as being the most generally satisfactory, and in general use. Assuming that the conditions favour the installin...
-Power Plants. (Small). Part 3
Water Wheels This type is still to be seen working in this country (old water mills), having once been practically the only type. It is as efficient as any in operation, provided it is properly des...
-Projectors
These are now considerably advanced and improved, as compared with the old magic lantern. Fig. 174 shows one of the latest type, fitted for electric light, and with all improvements to satisfy working...
-Rawlplugs
These are often so useful that details and methods of use are given here. Rawlplugs are small, patent, tough fibre tubes, specially treated by a chemical process. They are made in all sizes for use...
-Rawlplugs. Continued
Rawlplugs (Size No. 3 and 6) are packed with screws specially made threaded right up to the head, to i ncrease grip. The longer length of thread gives a greater hold, and it also saves the necessity o...
-Razors
Razors should give a good clean shave, and that they frequently do not is due to either (a) blunt-ness, (b) incorrect handling, or (r) defective lathering. With regard to (a) and ordinary razors (not ...
-Refractory Materials
Refractory is used here to denote the high heat-resisting properties of a material. The subject is very wide and involved, and is not yet thoroughly understood in all re- * spects. It frequently happe...
-Refractory Materials. Continued
The specification of the Institution of Gas Engineers for fireclay bricks includes the following :- Refractoriness for grade 1 material. Material which shows no sign of fusion when heated to not le...
-Refrigeration. A New Refrigerator
The refrigerating apparatus which we illustrate herewith is the invention of two young Swedish engineers, Messrs. B. de Platen and C. Munters. It works on the ammonia evaporation principle, and is con...
-Rivets
Bifurcated rivets are made with many different shaped heads, and in many different diameters and lengths. The body diameters are generally either ;1/16, 3/32,1/8,5/32 or 3/16 ins., while the lengths r...
-Rubber And Engineering
Rubber is a vegetable product obtained from certain tropical trees, mainly the herea braziliensis or the para rubber tree, by making incisions in the bark or cortex. This part of the rubber tree i...
-Rubber And Engineering. Part 2
When immersed in liquids raw rubber takes up something from most of them. Thus in water it gradually absorbs 10 per cent, or 15 per cent, of its weight, becoming opaque. The water can be dried out aga...
-Rubber And Engineering. Part 3
This latter figure relates to rubber vulcanised with sulphur, but without other ingredients. So far as mineral ingredients are concerned these are of three types. Firstly, coarse powders such as baryt...
-Rubber And Engineering. Part 4
The stress-strain curves of a rubber compounded with 7-5-10 per cent, of sulphur are usually taken as criteria for the evaluation of a specimen of raw rubber. As different specimens vulcanise at diffe...
-Rubber And Engineering. Part 5
A vast improvement in the properties of vulcanised rubber is obtainable by the use of suitable accelerators, and higher breaking loads are obtainable. Thus, with carbon black breaking loads up to near...
-Rubber And Engineering. Part 6
The first characteristic which one associates with rubber is its unique property of withstanding extraordinary deformation without permanent alteration. No other substance exists which can be stretche...
-Rubber And Engineering. Part 7
The alterations which may take place in rubber as a result of keeping are of two distinct types ; the first is a relatively unimportant effect known as freezing, which develops at low temperatures ...
-Rubber And Engineering. Part 8
Balata A product analogous to rubber, but resembling gutta percha in its chemical and physical properties. Largely used in the un-vulcanised condition for the manufacture of golf ball covers and fo...
-Rubber And Engineering. Part 9
Spreading A process largely used for the production of waterproof garments. The unvulcanised rubber is converted into a paste or dough by treatment with coal tar naphtha, and successive coats are a...
-Rubber And Engineering. Part 10
Scorching Or Premature Curing Nevertheless, the following methods of dealing with scorching or curing up in stock may be of utility to those not familiar with the subject. (a) Where not impra...
-Rubber And Engineering. Part 11
Solid Tyres The advantage of employing an organic accelerator such as Suparac in solid tyre manufacture is not, at first sight, so apparent as in the case of pneumatics and other goods, but exp...
-Coloured Heels And Soles
Coloured mixes fashioned on the above type may be made up by replacing carbon black by a light mineral and a suitable pigment or dye. Non-bloom browns, greens, crimson, red, etc., can readily be made....
-Coloured Heels And Soles. Continued
(3) ;Linseed oil 2 lbs., cottonseed oil 1 lb., petroleum 1 lb., raw turpentine 2 lbs., castor oil 1 lb., sulphur 2 lbs. Mix well and boil for half hour. (4) ;Linseed oil 2 lb., cottonseed 1 lb., pe...
-Runway
This runway, suitable for loads up to one ton, is made by Messrs. Herbert Morris, Ltd., and has a track made in section as Fig. 180. Fig. 180. For bending the track, cold, to any required cu...
-Saws. Their Jointing, Setting And Filing
There is no tool so much in the hands of the carpenter as the saw, and no tool that can be more depended upon when in perfect order. The saw, however, is seldom in perfect order. The filing of it is p...
-Clamping The Saw
The first thing to do in filing a saw is to place it in a suitable clamp. Good clamps are to be found in the market, but, in the absence of such, a very satisfactory one can be made by dressing up two...
-Defects In Tools For Setting
A great many tools are on the market for setting saws; some of them oniy bend the teeth and do not set them, that is, force the metal to the support of the tooth in its new position. Others are...
-Filing
After the saw has been jointed and set, adjust it in the clamp for filing. Place it as low in the clamp as the position chosen for the file will permit. The point of the saw should be to the left. Thi...
-Curls, Bends And Buckles. Curls
It is of frequent occurrence that a saw will encounter an obstruction of such a nature that it will be bent and in a manner to stretch the metal on one side. This will give the saw a curl. This ...
-Scissor Sharpening
Most blunt scissors in addition to being blunt have the centre screw loose. This should be tightened up, and if, as is frequently the case, the screw has the thread stripped, or the head so worn that ...
-The Sewing Machine
The main object of the mechanism of these machines is so to twist or loop one or more threads upon itself or themselves that the pieces of fabric being dealt with are joined together. The simplest typ...
-The Sewing Machine. Part 2
Bed Slide-the flat plate or plates at the left of the bed which may be opened to give access to the shuttle or bobbin case and other parts of the lower stitch forming mechanism. Bobbin-the metal sp...
-The Sewing Machine. Part 3
The stitch regulator may have been turned back so far that the feed is entirely out of action. Needle may be bent. Machine Working Heavily If the machine works hard after standing it is proba...
-Sharpening Fine Edged Tools
Assuming that razors of different makes are made of equal quality steel, and equally hardened, any difference in the performance of their duties would appear to be due to a difference in sharpening, i...
-Slide Rule
This is one of the simplest forms of a calculating machine known. Within its limits it gives correct and instant answers to many different calculations, and is moreover, quite simple to use. It has li...
-Solder. Its Use And Abuse
Solder is a mechanical mixture of tin and lead, a fact which is susceptible of very simple demonstration. A bar of solder of a grade even as low as 30 per cent, tin and 70 per cent, lead, passed throu...
-Solder. Its Use And Abuse. Continued
After many years of experience, we have developed the following method of manufacture. The lead is first melted at a temperature which does not cause too rapid fusion. After the dross has had a chance...
-Soldering And Tinning Compound
This is in the form of a powder which contains a combination of fluxes and finely powdered tin. It is non-acid, and will tin any metal except aluminium. It avoids the need of cleaning any corroded, ru...
-Steel. Acid And Basic
Acid steel takes its name from the fact that it is made in a furnace lined with a siliceous material, acid in character, while a basic steel is made in a furnace lined with basic material. It should b...
-Tool Steels
These may be broadly divided into three classes :- 1. ;High Speed Steels. 2. ;Special Alloy Steels. 3. ;Carbon Tool-Steels. Taking these in turn :- High Speed Sleets There is no exag...
-Grinding High - Speed Steel Tools
For this operation a wet-grinder is to be recommended. The tension of hardened high-speed steel is very great, and so is the heat generated by grinding at a dry-wheel-especially if much pressure is us...
-When To Use K9 Tool-Steel
Tools requiring the highest accuracy can, when made from K.9 steel, be hardened and tempered to practically any extent without the least danger of variation in size or shape. In consequence this steel...
-Carbon Tool-Steels. When To Use Carbon Tool-Steel
When a steel tool is cutting at a high speed, or doing other work of a severe character, great heat is generated by friction. If the tool becomes over-heated the temper is drawn and the tool breaks do...
-Stainless Steel And Iron
This material, in addition to resisting corrosion by the atmosphere, can withstand attacks by various acids and alkalis. There is an impression in some quarters that the stainless features are only s...
-Stereoscope
Fig. 197 shows a form of stereoscope that can be used either for viewing the ordinary form of stereoscopic photographs, and also stereoscopic illustration in books, etc. The lens centres are adjustabl...
-Stereoscope. Continued
It is necessary therefore to take two photographs of the object on different plates or films from two different points, these two points must be at the same distance from the object and the camera mus...
-Telescope. A Home-Made 12 Reflecting Telescope
The majority of amateur observers have, at one time or another, wished for a larger telescope than they possess, but the high price of an instrument of considerable calibre has acted as a deterrent, w...
-Telescope. A Home-Made 12 Reflecting Telescope. Continued
To test, the mirror was set on edge and a small lamp with a metal chimney placed in the centre of curvature, i.e., 20ft. away. A safety razor blade on a stand acted as a knife-edge. Lamp and knife-edg...
-Thatching
How To Learn Thatching A thorough knowledge of thatching, like that of any other branch of farm husbandry, cannot be gained without careful observation and frequent practice, but the beginner can c...
-Yealming
The straw should next be drawn from the bottom of the heap where the pressure is greatest. The usual method is to grasp as much straw as can be gripped by both hands, the two being held close together...
-Thatching Of Dwelling-Houses, Etc
A thatched roof has a picturesque appearance, which is by many preferred to the grey slate or red tiles which top the modern country cottage, while this method of making roofs watertight is adopted to...
-Thrust Blocks.. Michell Thrust Block
Fig. 203 shows the section of Type B self-contained Thrust Block. Instructions For Fitting In Shop Casing The casing of the thrust block should be thoroughly cleaned so as to prevent particle...
-Timber Seasoning
The seasoning of timber consists of its subjection to that process, natural or otherwise, which will render it suitable for use in carpentry, joinery, wheel building, etc., and which will maintain it ...
-Torque Converters. The Constantinesco Torque Converter
The effect of this Torque Converter applied to, say a motor-car, is to give an infinitely variable gear without the use of the usual gearbox, or clutch, the car speed being controlled by the throttle ...
-Torque Converters. The Constantinesco Torque Converter. Continued
Theory And Operation Of The Model Technically, the theory of the mechanism is as follows : When the motor is running slowly the pendulum tends to oscillate about the rod (8) and little, if any, mov...
-Trade Marks And How To Register
These matters arc dealt with at the Patent Office (Trade Marks Branch), 25 Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.2., and a free booklet on the subject may be obtained by application at the...
-Trucks.. Factory Hand Trucks
These wheeled implements present several difficulties in designing them to give perfect satisfaction. They may damage the floor, be hard to push or be noisy to operate. Wheels Metal wheels on a ...
-Typewriters
These machines are now made by many different makers, and are of very different construction and appearance. It is therefore quite impossible in the limits available here to treat of the different dev...
-Troubles And The Remedies
Firstly it. must be stated that a heavy-handed person, and one without a proper sense of mechanism is no fit companion for a sick typewriter, the essentials necessary in the repairer are : that he sho...
-Troubles And The Remedies. Continued
If not readily possible, then cover up as much of the rest of the machine as possible to prevent bits getting in, and proceed as follows. Expose as much of the roller surface as possible, and pass the...
-Tyres. Fitting Solid And Cushion Tyres
These, when merely fastened on to a wheel by cement, or by means of the two ends of an internal wire being hooked over each other, are not entirely satisfactory, and it is considered that the two pate...
-Water Softeners
Praically all natural water supplies are not chemically pure, generally containing certain amounts of dissolved mineral salts. The usuallyoccurrinng salts which give water its quality of hardness ...
-What Water Softening Saves
The cost of softening 1,000 gallons of water is :- One halfpenny for every 10 degrees of temporary hardness present. Three-halfpence for every 10 degrees of permanent hardness present. Each 1...
-Operation Of The Lassen-Hjort Water Softener
I. Measurement Of Water Hard Water is admitted through the inlet pipe to the Lassen-Hjort Patent Measuring Apparatus, flowing into one of the compartments of the double - chambered receiver (AA), F...
-Testing Instructions. Testing The Softened Water
This should be carried out at regular intervals, preferably once or twice a day, and the results entered in a log book ; this log will enable us to ascertain if the chemical process is being properly ...
-Regeneration In Less Than One Hour
In the case of Permutit B, the plant is designed to operate for periods varying from four hours at a time to any longer period which may best suit works conditions, and is then fully exhausted. ...
-Regeneration Of The "Permutit" Filler
The temporarily exhausted Permutit can be readily regenerated or revivified, and so restored to its full activity. To accomplish this it is needful to replace the sodium which it has lost i...
-Instructions For Regenerating
After the specified quantity of water has been treated, regeneration should be carried out in the following manner : Shut valves A and B and open valves F H and steam valve G. Whe...
-Water For Boiler Feed
In general all waters contain the same substances in solution, in all sorts of amounts and proportions. Besides dissolved salts, waters have certain gases in solution, most commonly Carbon Dioxide and...
-Webbing. Re-Webbing An Easy Chair
By easy chair is understood here a spring-seated chair, and the details given below apply equally well to a spring-seated sofa or settee. The chair should be turned over so that the under part of the ...
-Welding. Oxy-Acetylene Welding
The oxy-acetylene system of blowpipe welding is at present employed in two forms, which may be described as the high and low pressure systems. The first to be introduced was the high pressure syste...
-Welding. Oxy-Acetylene Welding. Continued
Note R type heads will not fit P type shanks and vice versa. The heads are removed and replaced by unscrewing the milled head nut A. It will also be noticed that the gas mixing bent-h...
-The Universal Oxy-Coal-Gas Blowpipe
This blowpipe is constructed on the injector principle, by means of which oxygen pressure (about 151b. per square inch) is made to draw the necessary coal gas from the town's supply, and to deliver bo...
-Purification Of Acetylene For Welding
The purification of acetylene which is to be used for welding is extremely important and necessary in order to obtain good results ; the degree of impurity present in the generated gas varies with the...
-Acetylene Generator
The generator should now be charged with carbide, but before doing so it is very important to read carefully the maker's printed instructions, and study the Regulations and Precautions given on page 8...
-Welding Under Normal Conditions
1. ;See that there is ample acetylene and oxygen for the job in hand before commencing work. It is injurious to the weld to stop in the middle of a job. 2. ;The operator should be provided with pro...
-Welding Under Normal Conditions. Continued
23. ;The joints between the rubber or metallic tubes and the blowpipe should be carefully examined from time to time to see that they are in order, and care should be taken to see that the tubes are f...
-Arc Welding Electrodes
The use of uncoated electrodes is only recommended for those applications of Arc Welding where mechanical strength, tightness against fluid pressure and neatness of the finished weld are not essential...
-Resistance Welders
During the last few years resistance welding has received wide recognition as the most economical and effective method of joining metals in a great variety of manufacturing operations. Its application...
-The Air-Acetylene System
The theoretical temperature of the Oxy-Acetylene flame, as used in the Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Metal Cutting processes, is approximately 4,000 degrees Centigrade, a heat sufficiently above the melti...
-The Air-Acetylene System. Continued
But apart from the question of expense there are several important reasons why the blacksmith will find Dissolved Acetylene the best form of Acetylene for welding. Dissolved Acetylene is practically p...
-Aerial. No Signal
Examine for broken aerial, broken lead-in, loose connection to the set, or for any cause of a short circuit, such as other wires being across the aerial and touching it. Weak Signals Examine for...
-Aerial. No Signal. Continued
Valve Sets. No Signals First examine all connections for broken joints, see that all switches, dials, knobs, etc., are really in their proper positions for correct operation. Note whether the va...






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